About the Music
Q: Your initial idea for the Wild Animus music was that it would employ one voice (your own) and one instrument (acoustic guitar/mandolin). You’ve said that what Blind Willie McTell did on “The Dyin’ Crapshooter’s Blues” influenced you greatly.
RS: The song was challenging to listen to, but deeply rewarding. Blind Willie took bits and pieces of four or five different songs and stitched them together to tell a story. I loved the complexity, the ways in which the melodic fragments worked to portray specific moments. And I loved the surprises.
Q: Could a much longer story be constructed in a similar fashion?
RS: I embraced the idea that a mixture of song-like pieces and free-form pieces would work. There might be scenes where a typical song structure made sense. In Wild Animus, there’s a pursuit, or some continuous action or thought, and it’s accompanied by verses with a repeating melody and consistent meter. But then the action breaks up—it’s stop and go, or interrupted by internal reflections—and the music becomes fragmented. The fragments have accessible meter and melody, but they may not be repeated. Don Van Vliet was an inspiration here—master of the unexpected.
“This has always been an experiment, and I want people to approach it that way. If this way of integrating words and music has potential, it will require people to look past its weaknesses and unfamiliarity.”
An Experiment in Storytelling
Q: Can you talk about the unique style in which Wild Animus is written?
RS: I thought it might be possible to use jolting and disconnected passages to convey a sequence of dramatic events. More recently, I heard John Zorn’s Spillane. It’s a soundscape, there’s very little speech, and you wouldn’t call it a story. But he uses loosely connected bits of music to create a sequence of theatrical moments.
Q: You realized early on that this music wouldn’t be for everyone. What made you stick with it?
RS: There will be people like myself who will go for it. The potential to expand the nature of storytelling is really exciting, and I believe others will share that excitement.
This has always been an experiment, and I want people to approach it that way. If this way of integrating words and music has potential, it will require people to look past its weaknesses and unfamiliarity. Are there moments where the experiment works? Does the story come to life in a way that would be otherwise impossible?
“The trick was to isolate each musical passage so that the musician could navigate it in an improvisational fashion. He could hear it over and over again, and immerse himself.”
Q: For a long time, you couldn’t imagine how you were going to record Wild Animus yourself, much less get the contributions of additional musicians for the entire two-and-a-half hour experience. Can you tell us about the process?
RS: I’m not a performer. I didn’t have a band. I didn’t have a collection of musicians who knew my stuff and could walk into a studio and nail the pieces in a few takes. The free-form compositions were complex, and nothing was written down in a form that anyone other than myself would understand. Plus, the only parts I’d written were my own. I could imagine other sounds, other instruments. But I couldn’t figure out how to create them or integrate them with what I’d done. Digital editing technology evolved in the nick of time. And I’d spent all these years with computers, so I could understand the stuff. I remember being in Boston in the early ’90s, hearing about Pro Tools and thinking, “this could make it possible.”
The biggest challenge was to get a group of musicians to contribute to the free-form pieces—without sheet music or written arrangements. The loop recording function played an important role.
The trick was to isolate each musical passage so that the musician could navigate it in an improvisational fashion. He could hear it over and over again, and immerse himself. You could repeat that for the next musician, do it for a whole piece, and then puzzle everything together. All of the musical contributions to Wild Animus were tracked one instrument at a time, and almost all of them were tracked against my solo recordings.
I looked for people who had musical sensibilities that seemed to connect them to Wild Animus. Most were people whose music I loved, apart from my project. On their side, they had to get comfortable doing something that was unusual, supporting someone who had no history or reputation in the music world. I love the idea that people from so many different backgrounds were involved. Over the course of the project, artists like Jim Campilongo, Jim Keltner, Hutch Hutchinson, Charles Bissell, Marc Ribot, Iva Bittová, and many others—over 30 in all—added their statements to Wild Animus.
Why No Tour?
Q: Why won’t you be touring to share the music of Wild Animus?
RS: I’m not a performer—never have been and never will be. I had a band in high school, and I got up on stage a few times. It wasn’t for me. I would never have been good at it. I lacked the consistency, and being on exhibition for a crowd felt incurably unnatural. Most people who are good performers enjoy being the center of attention. That’s not me.
I get a tic when I hear people lamenting the advent of technology. You know—“All these new tools make it possible for people who don’t have the chops as performers to make records.” They’re talking about me. I’m shy, and my creative world is a solitary one. I don’t have the skill or the personality to be a performer. I love ideas and words, and writing and music, and the technology has allowed me to make recordings. I feel fortunate that this is possible.
Q: So you’d say you approach music the same way you approach writing?
RS: I’m focused on creating it, and that’s it. What I’m doing lacks the penalties and hardships that go with touring, but it also lacks the rewards. My contact with people who appreciate what I’m doing is distant. A letter or email, or a personal comment. But that’s how it has to be. For now, at least.
I fantasize about being able to “cast” a lead vocalist in a future project, as you would cast an actor in a film. That would make performances possible, and it would allow me to spend more time writing, and less time recording. But with Wild Animus, that was too far to reach.
Can the Music Stand Alone?
Q: The three CDs are part of a larger storytelling experience that includes a novel. Can the music stand alone?
RS: I don’t think the music works without the book, for a few reasons. It’s too difficult to figure out what’s going on. A number of the pieces don’t make sense, except in the context of the broader story. Compared with what people are accustomed to with pop songs, the lyrics are wordy and complex, and my vocals are unrefined. If people approach the music with a conventional mindset—looking for a catchy tune, or a mood for the moment, or some new angle on human fashion or attitude—they’re going to be disappointed. If they approach Wild Animus as they would a film—as a story with character and action, and development from scene to scene—they may find it to be a meaningful experience. But that will require them to wade into the novel.
We live in an age in which so much art is deconstructed—where the absence of meaning is embraced. People are used to hearing lyrics that don’t make sense, and aren’t intended to make sense. I’m resigned to the fact that people may hear things that sound confusing in my lyrics, and assume that there’s no sense to make of them. But it ain’t so!
Music Credits
Words, music and arrangements: Rich Shapero,
except for track 31 music (Traditional – PD)
Produced by: Rich Shapero, Paul Melnychuck and Josh Turner
Engineered by: Josh Turner, Roman Klun and Jordan Glasgow
Mastered by: Gavin Lurssen and Bob Ludwig
PROLOGUE
Rich Shapero: acoustic guitar
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Andy LeMaster: electric guitar
Jim Thomas: additional electric guitar
Moses Sedler: cello
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Mixed by: Peter Katis
1. FROM THE FLAMES
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Maria Taylor: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Iva Bittová: additional voice
Airto Moreira: additional voice and spring drum
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: additional electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards
David Phillips: pedal steel
Mike Marshall: mandolin
Bryan Bowers: autoharp
Moses Sedler: cello
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: frame drums and cymbals
Jerry Marotta: additional drums
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
2. RAM
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ and additional percussion
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Taras Prodaniuk: additional bass
Jim Keltner: frame drums
Jerry Marotta: additional drums and percussion
David Raven: percussion
Mixed by Tchad Blake
3. WHERE AM I BOUND?
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards and gongs
Mark Stewart: electric guitar
Andy LeMaster: electric guitar
Steve Gorn: wooden flute
Dirk Powell: accordion
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
4. COCK AND SPRING
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Dirk Powell: accordion
Marc Ribot: electric guitar and baritone resonator
Martin Carthy: amplified acoustic guitar
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Mark Stewart: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: additional electric guitar
Steve Gorn: wooden flute
Lee Rocker: upright bass
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: electric bass
Justin Markovits: drums
Jerry Marotta: kick drum
Jim Keltner: percussion
Airto Moreira: percussion
Cheshnina ground squirrels: chattering
Mixed by Tchad Blake
5. THE POOL
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Orenda Fink: additional voice
Mike Marshall: mandolin
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Thomas: additional electric guitar
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums
Mixed by Tchad Blake
6. A STALKING SHADOW
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Orenda Fink: voice
Maria Taylor: voice
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards
Rena Jones: cello
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
7. ENTREATY
Rich Shapero: bottleneck and acoustic guitar
Maria Taylor: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Andy LeMaster: voice and electric guitar
Moses Sedler: cello
Rena Jones: additional cello
Tom Britt: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Jim Thomas: electric guitar
Mike Marshall: mandocello
Steve Gorn: ocarina
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: percussion
Mixed by Tchad Blake
8. LISTEN
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Orenda Fink: voice
Mike Marshall: lap guitar and mandocello
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Andy LeMaster: electric guitar
Jim Thomas: additional electric guitar
Moses Sedler: cello
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: frame drums and percussion
David Raven: additional drums
Mixed by Tchad Blake
9. BACK, BACK
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Iva Bittová: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Maria Taylor: voice
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards
Mike Marshall: mandolin and mandocello
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Lee Rocker: upright bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
10. I MUST CROSS
Rich Shapero: voice, octave mandolin, and acoustic guitar
Iva Bittová: voice
Charles Bissell: voice and electric guitar
Airto Moreira: voice and percussion
Maria Taylor: additional voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Josh Turner: electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Jerry Marotta: additional drums
Mixed by Tchad Blake
11. UP THE SLAB
Rich Shapero: voice and mandola
Orenda Fink: voice
Maria Taylor: additional voice
Jim Thomas: electric guitar
Tom Britt: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Steve Gorn: wooden flute
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards
Rena Jones: cello
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
12. BRIDGE OF SPINES
Rich Shapero: voice, acoustic guitar, and mandola
Charles Bissell: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
David Phillips: pedal steel
Mike Marshall: mandolin and mandocello
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Lee Rocker: upright bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Justin Markovits: additional drums
Airto Moreira: hand drum and percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
13. THE CHIMNEY’S FANG
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Michael Hurley: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Maria Taylor: voice
Iva Bittová: voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Jim Thomas: additional electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ
Dirk Powell: accordion
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Airto Moreira: percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
14. DEATH RATTLE
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Iva Bittová: voice
Charles Bissell: voice
Maria Taylor: additional voice
Orenda Fink: additional voice
Moses Sedler: cello
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards
David Phillips: pedal steel
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Airto Moreira: percussion
Justin Markovits: additional percussion
Mixed by Tchad Blake
15. YOU WILL SEE
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Maria Taylor: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Airto Moreira: voice and percussion
Dirk Powell: accordion
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Jim Thomas: additional electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Mixed by Tchad Blake
16. A NAKED GAP
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Orenda Fink: additional voice
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Mark Stewart: additional electric guitar
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Michael Manring: additional bass
Lee Rocker: upright bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Mixed by Tchad Blake
17. SNARED
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Iva Bittová: voice
Charles Bissell: voice
Michael Hurley: voice
Maria Taylor: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ
Dirk Powell: accordion
Moses Sedler: cello
Tony Levin: Chapman stick and bass
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: additional bass
Michael Manring: additional bass
Lee Rocker: upright bass
Jim Keltner: drums
Mark Stewart: daxophone
Mixed by Tchad Blake
18. DARK STARS
Rich Shapero: voice, acoustic guitar and mandolin
Maria Taylor: voice
Jim Boquist: voice
Iva Bittová: voice
Jim Thomas: electric guitar
David Phillips: pedal steel
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Paul Melnychuck: organ
Mike Marshall: mandolin chorus
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
19. THE RAM MUST DIE
Rich Shapero: voice, acoustic guitar and mandolin
Orenda Fink: voice
Michael Hurley: voice
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Moses Sedler: cello
Dave Boquist: electric guitar
Andy LeMaster: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Dirk Powell: accordion
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Lee Rocker: upright bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Mixed by Tchad Blake
20. THE SHEER WALL
Rich Shapero: voice, octave mandolin and acoustic guitar
Iva Bittová: voice
Charles Bissell: voice
Orenda Fink: additional voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Andy LeMaster: electric guitar
Mike Marshall: mandolin and mandocello
Moses Sedler: cello
Dirk Powell: accordion
Paul Melnychuck: organ and marxophone
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Lee Rocker: upright bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Jerry Marotta: drums and percussion
Mixed by Tchad Blake
21. A GREAT POWER
Rich Shapero: voice, acoustic guitar and octave mandolin
Charles Bissell: voice
Michael Hurley: additional voice
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Andy LeMaster: electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and cymbals
Jerry Marotta: additional percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
22. CONDEMNED
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Iva Bittová: additional voice
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Mark Stewart: electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Mixed by Tchad Blake
23. SCAFFOLD OF SNOW
Rich Shapero: voice, octave mandolin and acoustic guitar
Iva Bittová: voice
Maria Taylor: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Mark Stewart: electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and cymbals
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
24. ANIMUS SHAKING
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Maria Taylor: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Iva Bittová: additional voice
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Robert Powell: pedal steel
David Phillips: pedal steel
Paul Melnychuck: organ
Mike Marshall: octave mandolin
Moses Sedler: cello
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and cymbals
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
25. VIGIL LIGHTS
Rich Shapero: voice, mandola and mandolin
Iva Bittová: voice
Charles Bissell: voice
Jim Boquist: additional voice
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Mark Stewart: electric guitar
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: additional electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Michael Manring: bass
Jim Keltner: drums, cymbals and gong
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
26. BURSTING THE CASE
Rich Shapero: voice, octave mandolin, mandola and acoustic guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Marc Ribot: baritone acoustic guitar
Martin Carthy: amplified acoustic guitar
Dave Boquist: electric guitar
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Mark Stewart: electric guitar
Mike Marshall: mandocello and lap guitar
Dirk Powell: accordion
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Germaine Jack: rub board
Airto Moreira: additional percussion
Chetaslina Pika: squeak
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
27. SPIRIT BODY
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Charles Bissell: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Andy LeMaster: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Bryan Bowers: autoharp
Dirk Powell: accordion
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
28. DAWN
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Dave Boquist: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Bryan Bowers: autoharp
Dirk Powell: accordion
Paul Melnychuck: organ
Mike Marshall: mandolin
Moses Sedler: cello
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: frame drums and cymbals
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
29. THIS DAZZLING DOME
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Charles Bissell: voice and electric guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Michael Hurley: voice
Iva Bittová: voice
Dave Boquist: electric guitar
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Dirk Powell: accordion
Cristinel Turturica: cymbalom
Mike Marshall: mandolin
Moses Sedler: cello
Lee Rocker: upright bass
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and cymbals
Jerry Marotta: additional drums
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
30. ACROSS THE CREVASSE
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Iva Bittová: voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Mike Marshall: electric octave mandolin
Paul Melnychuck: organ
Brian Courtney: bass
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drum kit, frame drums and cymbals
Mixed by Josh Turner
31. BOGGED
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Iva Bittová: voice
Marc Ribot: amplified acoustic and electric guitar
Mike Marshall: electric octave mandolin
Paul Melnychuck: organ
Robert Powell: pedal steel
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
32. INSIDE ME, YOU ROAR
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Charles Bissell: voice
Iva Bittová: voice
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Mike Marshall: mandocello, mandola,
mandolin and electric octave
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: frame drums, drum kit and percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
33. ANIMUS IS PLEASED
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
34. LABYRINTH OF DEVOTION
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Charles Bissell: voice
Maria Taylor: voice
Jim Boquist: voice
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Dave Boquist: electric guitar
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Mike Marshall: resonator mandola
Moses Sedler: cello
Steve Gorn: wooden flute
Paul Melnychuck: organ, dulcimer and percussion
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and cymbals
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
35. LIFT ME OUT
Rich Shapero: voice, octave mandolin, and acoustic guitar
Charles Bissell: voice
Airto Moreira: voice and percussion
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: frame drums and percussion
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
36. THE SHRINE
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Charles Bissell: voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Dave Boquist: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Tom Britt: electric guitar
Moses Sedler: cello
Cristinel Turturica: cymbalom
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards and percussion
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: frame drums and cymbals
Jerry Marotta: additional drums
David Raven: additional drums
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
37. NOTHING BUT FROTH
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Jim Boquist: voice
Orenda Fink: voice
Maria Taylor: voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Charles Bissell: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Mike Marshall: electric octave mandolin
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Moses Sedler: cello
Paul Melnychuck: organ and percussion
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass and electric guitar
Jim Keltner: frame drums, drum kit and cymbals
Jerry Marotta: additional drums
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
38. I SEE YOUR THRONE
Rich Shapero: voice, acoustic guitar and mandolin
Charles Bissell: voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Dirk Powell: accordion
Paul Melnychuck: organ
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Tony Levin: Chapman stick
Jim Keltner: frame drums and percussion
Mixed by Josh Turner
39. TOWER OF BLOOD
Rich Shapero: voice and acoustic guitar
Charles Bissell: voice
Iva Bittová: voice
Marc Ribot: electric guitar
Jim Campilongo: electric guitar
Andy LeMaster: electric guitar
Dave Boquist: electric guitar
Robert Powell: pedal steel
Dirk Powell: accordion
Cristinel Turturica: cymbalom
Paul Melnychuck: keyboards
Moses Sedler: cello
James “Hutch” Hutchinson: bass
Jim Keltner: drums and cymbals
Zach Hill: drums
Jerry Marotta: additional drums
Mixed by: Chuck Ainlay
